Az - Enumeration Tools

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Install PowerShell in Linux

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install -y wget apt-transport-https software-properties-common

# Ubuntu 20.04
wget -q https://packages.microsoft.com/config/ubuntu/20.04/packages-microsoft-prod.deb

# Update repos
sudo apt-get update
sudo add-apt-repository universe

# Install & start powershell
sudo apt-get install -y powershell
pwsh

# Az cli
curl -sL https://aka.ms/InstallAzureCLIDeb | sudo bash

Install PowerShell in MacOS

Instructions from the documentation:

1. Install brew if not installed yet:

/bin/bash -c "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/HEAD/install.sh)"

2. Install the latest stable release of PowerShell:

brew install powershell/tap/powershell

3. Run PowerShell:

pwsh

4. Update:

brew update
brew upgrade powershell

Main Enumeration Tools

az cli

Azure Command-Line Interface (CLI) is a cross-platform tool written in Python for managing and administering (most) Azure and Entra ID resources. It connects to Azure and executes administrative commands via the command line or scripts.

Follow this link for the installation instructions¡.

Commands in Azure CLI are structured using a pattern of: az <service> <action> <parameters>

Debug | MitM az cli

Using the parameter --debug it's possible to see all the requests the tool az is sending:

az account management-group list --output table --debug

In order to do a MitM to the tool and check all the requests it's sending manually you can do:

export ADAL_PYTHON_SSL_NO_VERIFY=1
export AZURE_CLI_DISABLE_CONNECTION_VERIFICATION=1
export HTTPS_PROXY="http://127.0.0.1:8080"
export HTTP_PROXY="http://127.0.0.1:8080"

# If this is not enough
# Download the certificate from Burp and convert it into .pem format
# And export the following env variable
openssl x509 -in ~/Downloads/cacert.der -inform DER -out ~/Downloads/cacert.pem -outform PEM
export REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE=/Users/user/Downloads/cacert.pem

set ADAL_PYTHON_SSL_NO_VERIFY=1
set AZURE_CLI_DISABLE_CONNECTION_VERIFICATION=1
set HTTPS_PROXY="http://127.0.0.1:8080"
set HTTP_PROXY="http://127.0.0.1:8080"

# If this is not enough
# Download the certificate from Burp and convert it into .pem format
# And export the following env variable
openssl x509 -in cacert.der -inform DER -out cacert.pem -outform PEM
set REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE=C:\Users\user\Downloads\cacert.pem

$env:ADAL_PYTHON_SSL_NO_VERIFY=1
$env:AZURE_CLI_DISABLE_CONNECTION_VERIFICATION=1
$env:HTTPS_PROXY="http://127.0.0.1:8080"
$env:HTTP_PROXY="http://127.0.0.1:8080"

Az PowerShell

Azure PowerShell is a module with cmdlets for managing Azure resources directly from the PowerShell command line.

Follow this link for the installation instructions.

Commands in Azure PowerShell AZ Module are structured like: <Action>-Az<Service> <parameters>

Debug | MitM Az PowerShell

Using the parameter -Debug it's possible to see all the requests the tool is sending:

Get-AzResourceGroup -Debug

In order to do a MitM to the tool and check all the requests it's sending manually you can set the env variables HTTPS_PROXY and HTTP_PROXY according to the docs.

Microsoft Graph PowerShell

Microsoft Graph PowerShell is a cross-platform SDK that enables access to all Microsoft Graph APIs, including services like SharePoint, Exchange, and Outlook, using a single endpoint. It supports PowerShell 7+, modern authentication via MSAL, external identities, and advanced queries. With a focus on least privilege access, it ensures secure operations and receives regular updates to align with the latest Microsoft Graph API features.

Follow this link for the installation instructions.

Commands in Microsoft Graph PowerShell are structured like: <Action>-Mg<Service> <parameters>

Debug Microsoft Graph PowerShell

Using the parameter -Debug it's possible to see all the requests the tool is sending:

Get-MgUser -Debug

AzureAD Powershell

The Azure Active Directory (AD) module, now deprecated, is part of Azure PowerShell for managing Azure AD resources. It provides cmdlets for tasks like managing users, groups, and application registrations in Entra ID.

Follow this link for the installation instructions.

Automated Recon & Compliance Tools

turbot azure plugins

Turbot with steampipe and powerpipe allows to gather information from Azure and Entra ID and perform compliance checks and find misconfigurations. The currently most recommended Azure modules to run are:

• https://github.com/turbot/steampipe-mod-azure-compliance
• https://github.com/turbot/steampipe-mod-azure-insights
• https://github.com/turbot/steampipe-mod-azuread-insights

# Install
brew install turbot/tap/powerpipe
brew install turbot/tap/steampipe
steampipe plugin install azure
steampipe plugin install azuread

# Config creds via env vars or az cli default creds will be used
export AZURE_ENVIRONMENT="AZUREPUBLICCLOUD"
export AZURE_TENANT_ID="<tenant-id>"
export AZURE_SUBSCRIPTION_ID="<subscription-id>"
export AZURE_CLIENT_ID="<client-id>"
export AZURE_CLIENT_SECRET="<secret>"

# Run steampipe-mod-azure-insights
cd /tmp
mkdir dashboards
cd dashboards
powerpipe mod init
powerpipe mod install github.com/turbot/steampipe-mod-azure-insights
steampipe service start
powerpipe server
# Go to http://localhost:9033 in a browser

Prowler

Prowler is an Open Source security tool to perform AWS, Azure, Google Cloud and Kubernetes security best practices assessments, audits, incident response, continuous monitoring, hardening and forensics readiness.

It basically would allow us to run hundreds of checks against an Azure environment to find security misconfigurations and gather the results in json (and other text format) or check them in the web.

# Create a application with Reader role and set the tenant ID, client ID and secret in prowler so it access the app

# Launch web with docker-compose
export DOCKER_DEFAULT_PLATFORM=linux/amd64
curl -LO https://raw.githubusercontent.com/prowler-cloud/prowler/refs/heads/master/docker-compose.yml
curl -LO https://raw.githubusercontent.com/prowler-cloud/prowler/refs/heads/master/.env
## If using an old docker-compose version, change the "env_file" params to: env_file: ".env"
docker compose up -d
# Access the web and configure the access to run a scan from it

# Prowler cli
python3 -m pip install prowler --break-system-packages
docker run --rm toniblyx/prowler:v4-latest azure --list-checks
docker run --rm toniblyx/prowler:v4-latest azure --list-services
docker run --rm toniblyx/prowler:v4-latest azure --list-compliance
docker run --rm -e "AZURE_CLIENT_ID=<client-id>" -e "AZURE_TENANT_ID=<tenant-id>" -e "AZURE_CLIENT_SECRET=<secret>" toniblyx/prowler:v4-latest azure --sp-env-auth
## It also support other authentication types, check: prowler azure --help

Monkey365

It allows to perform Azure subscriptions and Microsoft Entra ID security configuration reviews automatically.

The HTML reports are stored inside the ./monkey-reports directory inside the github repository folder.

git clone https://github.com/silverhack/monkey365
Get-ChildItem -Recurse monkey365 | Unblock-File
cd monkey365
Import-Module ./monkey365
mkdir /tmp/monkey365-scan
cd /tmp/monkey365-scan

Get-Help Invoke-Monkey365
Get-Help Invoke-Monkey365 -Detailed

# Scan with user creds (browser will be run)
Invoke-Monkey365 -TenantId <tenant-id> -Instance Azure -Collect All -ExportTo HTML              

# Scan with App creds
$SecureClientSecret = ConvertTo-SecureString "<secret>" -AsPlainText -Force     
Invoke-Monkey365 -TenantId <tenant-id> -ClientId <client-id> -ClientSecret $SecureClientSecret -Instance Azure -Collect All -ExportTo HTML              

ScoutSuite

Scout Suite gathers configuration data for manual inspection and highlights risk areas. It's a multi-cloud security-auditing tool, which enables security posture assessment of cloud environments.

virtualenv -p python3 venv
source venv/bin/activate
pip install scoutsuite
scout --help

# Use --cli flag to use az cli credentials
# Use --user-account to have scout prompt for user credentials
# Use --user-account-browser to launch a browser to login
# Use --service-principal to have scout prompt for app credentials

python scout.py azure --cli

Azure-MG-Sub-Governance-Reporting

It's a powershell script that helps you to visualize all the resources and permissions inside a Management Group and the Entra ID tenant and find security misconfigurations.

It works using the Az PowerShell module, so any authentication supported by this tool is supported by the tool.

import-module Az
.\AzGovVizParallel.ps1 -ManagementGroupId <management-group-id> [-SubscriptionIdWhitelist <subscription-id>] 

Automated Post-Exploitation tools

ROADRecon

The enumeration of ROADRecon offers information about the configuration of Entra ID, like users, groups, roles, conditional access policies...

cd ROADTools
pipenv shell
# Login with user creds
roadrecon auth -u test@corp.onmicrosoft.com -p "Welcome2022!"
# Login with app creds
roadrecon auth --as-app --client "<client-id>" --password "<secret>" --tenant "<tenant-id>"
roadrecon gather
roadrecon gui

AzureHound

# Launch AzureHound
## Login with app secret
azurehound -a "<client-id>" -s "<secret>" --tenant "<tenant-id>" list -o ./output.json
## Login with user creds
azurehound -u "<user-email>" -p "<password>" --tenant "<tenant-id>" list -o ./output.json

Launch the BloodHound web with curl -L https://ghst.ly/getbhce | docker compose -f - up and import the output.json file.

Then, in the EXPLORE tab, in the CYPHER section you can see a folder icon that contains pre-built queries.

MicroBurst

MicroBurst includes functions and scripts that support Azure Services discovery, weak configuration auditing, and post exploitation actions such as credential dumping. It is intended to be used during penetration tests where Azure is in use.

Import-Module .\MicroBurst.psm1
Import-Module .\Get-AzureDomainInfo.ps1
Get-AzureDomainInfo -folder MicroBurst -Verbose

PowerZure

PowerZure was created out of the need for a framework that can both perform reconnaissance and exploitation of Azure, EntraID, and the associated resources.

It uses the Az PowerShell module, so any authentication supported by this tool is supported by the tool.

# Login
Import-Module Az
Connect-AzAccount

# Clone and import PowerZure
git clone https://github.com/hausec/PowerZure
cd PowerZure
ipmo ./Powerzure.psd1
Invoke-Powerzure -h # Check all the options

# Info Gathering (read)
Get-AzureCurrentUser # Get current user
Get-AzureTarget # What can you access to
Get-AzureUser -All # Get all users
Get-AzureSQLDB -All # Get all SQL DBs
Get-AzureAppOwner # Owners of apps in Entra
Show-AzureStorageContent -All # List containers, shared and tables
Show-AzureKeyVaultContent -All # List all contents in key vaults


# Operational (write)
Set-AzureUserPassword -Password <password> -Username <username> # Change password
Set-AzureElevatedPrivileges # Get permissions from Global Administrator in EntraID to User Access Administrator in Azure RBAC.
New-AzureBackdoor -Username <username> -Password <password>
Invoke-AzureRunCommand -Command <command> -VMName <vmname>
[...]

GraphRunner

GraphRunner is a post-exploitation toolset for interacting with the Microsoft Graph API. It provides various tools for performing reconnaissance, persistence, and pillaging of data from a Microsoft Entra ID (Azure AD) account.

#A good place to start is to authenticate with the Get-GraphTokens module. This module will launch a device-code login, allowing you to authenticate the session from a browser session. Access and refresh tokens will be written to the global $tokens variable. To use them with other GraphRunner modules use the Tokens flag (Example. Invoke-DumpApps -Tokens $tokens)
Import-Module .\GraphRunner.ps1
Get-GraphTokens

#This module gathers information about the tenant including the primary contact info, directory sync settings, and user settings such as if users have the ability to create apps, create groups, or consent to apps.
Invoke-GraphRecon -Tokens $tokens -PermissionEnum

#A module to dump conditional access policies from a tenant.
Invoke-GraphRecon -Tokens $tokens -PermissionEnum

#A module to dump conditional access policies from a tenant.
Invoke-DumpCAPS -Tokens $tokens -ResolveGuids

#This module helps identify malicious app registrations. It will dump a list of Azure app registrations from the tenant including permission scopes and users that have consented to the apps. Additionally, it will list external apps that are not owned by the current tenant or by Microsoft's main app tenant. This is a good way to find third-party external apps that users may have consented to.
Invoke-DumpApps -Tokens $tokens

#Gather the full list of users from the directory.
Get-AzureADUsers -Tokens $tokens -OutFile users.txt

#Create a list of security groups along with their members.
Get-SecurityGroups -AccessToken $tokens.access_token

#Gets groups that may be able to be modified by the current user
Get-UpdatableGroups -Tokens $tokens

#Finds dynamic groups and displays membership rules
Get-DynamicGroups -Tokens $tokens

#Gets a list of SharePoint site URLs visible to the current user
Get-SharePointSiteURLs -Tokens $tokens

#This module attempts to locate mailboxes in a tenant that have allowed other users to read them. By providing a userlist the module will attempt to access the inbox of each user and display if it was successful. The access token needs to be scoped to Mail.Read.Shared or Mail.ReadWrite.Shared for this to work.
Invoke-GraphOpenInboxFinder -Tokens $tokens -Userlist users.txt

#This module attempts to gather a tenant ID associated with a domain.
Get-TenantID -Domain

#Runs Invoke-GraphRecon, Get-AzureADUsers, Get-SecurityGroups, Invoke-DumpCAPS, Invoke-DumpApps, and then uses the default_detectors.json file to search with Invoke-SearchMailbox, Invoke-SearchSharePointAndOneDrive, and Invoke-SearchTeams.
Invoke-GraphRunner -Tokens $tokens

Stormspotter

Stormspotter creates an “attack graph” of the resources in an Azure subscription. It enables red teams and pentesters to visualize the attack surface and pivot opportunities within a tenant, and supercharges your defenders to quickly orient and prioritize incident response work.

Unfortunately, it looks unmantained.

# Start Backend
cd stormspotter\backend\
pipenv shell
python ssbackend.pyz

# Start Front-end
cd stormspotter\frontend\dist\spa\
quasar.cmd serve -p 9091 --history

# Run Stormcollector
cd stormspotter\stormcollector\
pipenv shell
az login -u test@corp.onmicrosoft.com -p Welcome2022!
python stormspotter\stormcollector\sscollector.pyz cli
# This will generate a .zip file to upload in the frontend (127.0.0.1:9091)