Az - Entra ID (AzureAD) & Azure IAM

Reading time: 29 minutes

tip

AWS 해킹 배우기 및 연습하기:HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)
GCP 해킹 배우기 및 연습하기: HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE) Azure 해킹 배우기 및 연습하기: HackTricks Training Azure Red Team Expert (AzRTE)

HackTricks 지원하기

구독 계획 확인하기!
**💬 Discord 그룹 또는 텔레그램 그룹에 참여하거나 Twitter 🐦 @hacktricks_live를 팔로우하세요.
HackTricks 및 HackTricks Cloud 깃허브 리포지토리에 PR을 제출하여 해킹 트릭을 공유하세요.

기본 정보

Azure Active Directory (Azure AD)는 Microsoft의 클라우드 기반 아이덴티티 및 액세스 관리 서비스입니다. 이는 직원들이 조직 내외부의 리소스에 로그인하고 접근할 수 있도록 하는 데 중요한 역할을 하며, Microsoft 365, Azure 포털 및 다양한 다른 SaaS 애플리케이션을 포함합니다. Azure AD의 설계는 인증, 권한 부여 및 사용자 관리를 포함한 필수 아이덴티티 서비스를 제공하는 데 중점을 두고 있습니다.

Azure AD의 주요 기능에는 다단계 인증 및 조건부 액세스가 포함되며, 다른 Microsoft 보안 서비스와의 원활한 통합이 특징입니다. 이러한 기능은 사용자 아이덴티티의 보안을 크게 향상시키고 조직이 액세스 정책을 효과적으로 구현하고 시행할 수 있도록 합니다. Microsoft의 클라우드 서비스 생태계의 기본 구성 요소로서, Azure AD는 사용자 아이덴티티의 클라우드 기반 관리를 위해 필수적입니다.

열거

연결

bash

az login #This will open the browser (if not use --use-device-code)
az login -u <username> -p <password> #Specify user and password
az login --identity #Use the current machine managed identity (metadata)
az login --identity -u /subscriptions/<subscriptionId>/resourcegroups/myRG/providers/Microsoft.ManagedIdentity/userAssignedIdentities/myID #Login with user managed identity

# Login as service principal
## With password
az login --service-principal -u <application ID> -p VerySecret --tenant contoso.onmicrosoft.com # Tenant can also be the tenant UUID
## With cert
az login --service-principal -u <application ID> -p ~/mycertfile.pem --tenant contoso.onmicrosoft.com

# Request access token (ARM)
az account get-access-token
# Request access token for different resource. Supported tokens: aad-graph, arm, batch, data-lake, media, ms-graph, oss-rdbms
az account get-access-token --resource-type aad-graph

# If you want to configure some defaults
az configure

# Get user logged-in already
az ad signed-in-user show

# Help
az find "vm" # Find vm commands
az vm -h # Get subdomains
az ad user list --query-examples # Get examples

bash

# Login Open browser
Connect-MgGraph

# Login with service principal secret
## App ID and Tenant ID of your Azure AD App Registration
$appId = "<appId>"
$tenantId = "<tenantId>"
$clientSecret = "<clientSecret>"
## Convert the client secret to a SecureString
$secureSecret = ConvertTo-SecureString -String $clientSecret -AsPlainText -Force
## Create a PSCredential object
$credential = New-Object System.Management.Automation.PSCredential ($appId, $secureSecret)
## Connect using client credentials
Connect-MgGraph -TenantId $tenantId -ClientSecretCredential $credential

# Login with token
$token = (az account get-access-token --resource https://graph.microsoft.com --query accessToken -o tsv)
$secureToken = ConvertTo-SecureString $token -AsPlainText -Force
Connect-MgGraph -AccessToken $secureToken

# Get token from session
Parameters = @{
Method     = "GET"
Uri        = "/v1.0/me"
OutputType = "HttpResponseMessage"
}
$Response = Invoke-MgGraphRequest @Parameters
$Headers = $Response.RequestMessage.Headers
$Headers.Authorization.Parameter


# Find commands
Find-MgGraphCommand -command *Mg*

bash

Connect-AzAccount #Open browser
# Using credentials
$passwd = ConvertTo-SecureString "Welcome2022!" -AsPlainText -Force
$creds = New-Object System.Management.Automation.PSCredential("test@corp.onmicrosoft.com", $passwd)
Connect-AzAccount -Credential $creds

# Get Access Token
# Request access token to other endpoints: AadGraph, AnalysisServices, Arm, Attestation, Batch, DataLake, KeyVault, MSGraph, OperationalInsights, ResourceManager, Storage, Synapse
(ConvertFrom-SecureString (Get-AzAccessToken -ResourceTypeName Arm -AsSecureString).Token -AsPlainText)

# Connect with access token
Connect-AzAccount -AccountId test@corp.onmicrosoft.com [-AccessToken $ManagementToken] [-GraphAccessToken $AADGraphToken] [-MicrosoftGraphAccessToken $MicrosoftGraphToken] [-KeyVaultAccessToken $KeyVaultToken]

# Connect with Service principal/enterprise app secret
$password = ConvertTo-SecureString 'KWEFNOIRFIPMWL.--DWPNVFI._EDWWEF_ADF~SODNFBWRBIF' -AsPlainText -Force
$creds = New-Object
System.Management.Automation.PSCredential('2923847f-fca2-a420-df10-a01928bec653', $password)
Connect-AzAccount -ServicePrincipal -Credential $creds -Tenant 29sd87e56-a192-a934-bca3-0398471ab4e7d

#All the Azure AD cmdlets have the format *-AzAD*
Get-Command *azad*
#Cmdlets for other Azure resources have the format *Az*
Get-Command *az*

bash

#Using management
$Token = 'eyJ0eXAi..'
# List subscriptions
$URI = 'https://management.azure.com/subscriptions?api-version=2020-01-01'
$RequestParams = @{
Method  = 'GET'
Uri     = $URI
Headers = @{
'Authorization' = "Bearer $Token"
}
}
(Invoke-RestMethod @RequestParams).value

# Using graph
Invoke-WebRequest -Uri "https://graph.windows.net/myorganization/users?api-version=1.6" -Headers @{Authorization="Bearer {0}" -f $Token}

bash

# Request tokens to access endpoints
# ARM
curl "$IDENTITY_ENDPOINT?resource=https://management.azure.com&api-version=2017-09-01" -H secret:$IDENTITY_HEADER

# Vault
curl "$IDENTITY_ENDPOINT?resource=https://vault.azure.net&api-version=2017-09-01" -H secret:$IDENTITY_HEADER

bash

Get-MgTenantRelationshipDelegatedAdminCustomer
# Install the Microsoft Graph PowerShell module if not already installed
Install-Module Microsoft.Graph -Scope CurrentUser

# Import the module
Import-Module Microsoft.Graph

# Login to Microsoft Graph
Connect-MgGraph -Scopes "User.Read.All", "Group.Read.All", "Directory.Read.All"

# Enumerate available commands in Microsoft Graph PowerShell
Get-Command -Module Microsoft.Graph*

# Example: List users
Get-MgUser -All

# Example: List groups
Get-MgGroup -All

# Example: Get roles assigned to a user
Get-MgUserAppRoleAssignment -UserId <UserId>

# Disconnect from Microsoft Graph
Disconnect-MgGraph

bash

Connect-AzureAD #Open browser
# Using credentials
$passwd = ConvertTo-SecureString "Welcome2022!" -AsPlainText -Force
$creds = New-Object System.Management.Automation.PSCredential ("test@corp.onmicrosoft.com", $passwd)
Connect-AzureAD -Credential $creds

# Using tokens
## AzureAD cannot request tokens, but can use AADGraph and MSGraph tokens to connect
Connect-AzureAD -AccountId test@corp.onmicrosoft.com -AadAccessToken $token

Azure에 CLI를 통해 로그인할 때, Microsoft에 속한 tenant의 Azure Application을 사용하고 있습니다. 이러한 애플리케이션은 귀하의 계정에서 생성할 수 있는 것처럼 클라이언트 ID를 가지고 있습니다. 콘솔에서 볼 수 있는 허용된 애플리케이션 목록에서 모든 애플리케이션을 볼 수는 없지만, 기본적으로 허용됩니다.

예를 들어, 인증을 수행하는 powershell 스크립트는 클라이언트 ID **1950a258-227b-4e31-a9cf-717495945fc2**를 가진 앱을 사용합니다. 애플리케이션이 콘솔에 나타나지 않더라도, 시스템 관리자는 사용자가 해당 앱을 통해 연결할 수 없도록 해당 애플리케이션을 차단할 수 있습니다.

그러나 Azure에 연결할 수 있는 다른 클라이언트 ID의 애플리케이션이 있습니다:

bash

# The important part is the ClientId, which identifies the application to login inside Azure

$token = Invoke-Authorize -Credential $credential `
-ClientId '1dfb5f98-f363-4b0f-b63a-8d20ada1e62d' `
-Scope 'Files.Read.All openid profile Sites.Read.All User.Read email' `
-Redirect_Uri "https://graphtryit-staging.azurewebsites.net/" `
-Verbose -Debug `
-InformationAction Continue

$token = Invoke-Authorize -Credential $credential `
-ClientId '65611c08-af8c-46fc-ad20-1888eb1b70d9' `
-Scope 'openid profile Sites.Read.All User.Read email' `
-Redirect_Uri "chrome-extension://imjekgehfljppdblckcmjggcoboemlah" `
-Verbose -Debug `
-InformationAction Continue

$token = Invoke-Authorize -Credential $credential `
-ClientId 'd3ce4cf8-6810-442d-b42e-375e14710095' `
-Scope 'openid' `
-Redirect_Uri "https://graphexplorer.azurewebsites.net/" `
-Verbose -Debug `
-InformationAction Continue

테넌트

bash

# List tenants
az account tenant list

사용자

Entra ID 사용자에 대한 자세한 정보는 다음을 확인하세요:

Az - Basic Information

bash

# Enumerate users
az ad user list --output table
az ad user list --query "[].userPrincipalName"
# Get info of 1 user
az ad user show --id "test@corp.onmicrosoft.com"
# Search "admin" users
az ad user list --query "[].displayName" | findstr /i "admin"
az ad user list --query "[?contains(displayName,'admin')].displayName"
# Search attributes containing the word "password"
az ad user list | findstr /i "password" | findstr /v "null,"
# All users from Entra ID
az ad user list --query "[].{osi:onPremisesSecurityIdentifier,upn:userPrincipalName}[?osi==null]"
az ad user list --query "[?onPremisesSecurityIdentifier==null].displayName"
# All users synced from on-prem
az ad user list --query "[].{osi:onPremisesSecurityIdentifier,upn:userPrincipalName}[?osi!=null]"
az ad user list --query "[?onPremisesSecurityIdentifier!=null].displayName"
# Get groups where the user is a member
az ad user get-member-groups --id <email>
# Get roles assigned to the user in Azure (NOT in Entra ID)
az role assignment list --include-inherited --include-groups --include-classic-administrators true --assignee <email>
# Get ALL roles assigned in Azure in the current subscription (NOT in Entra ID)
az role assignment list --include-inherited --include-groups --include-classic-administrators true --all

# Get EntraID roles assigned to a user
## Get Token
export TOKEN=$(az account get-access-token --resource https://graph.microsoft.com/ --query accessToken -o tsv)
## Get users
curl -X GET "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/users" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \ -H "Content-Type: application/json" | jq
## Get EntraID roles assigned to an user
curl -X GET "https://graph.microsoft.com/beta/rolemanagement/directory/transitiveRoleAssignments?\$count=true&\$filter=principalId%20eq%20'86b10631-ff01-4e73-a031-29e505565caa'" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "ConsistencyLevel: eventual" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" | jq
## Get role details
curl -X GET "https://graph.microsoft.com/beta/roleManagement/directory/roleDefinitions/cf1c38e5-3621-4004-a7cb-879624dced7c" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" | jq

bash

# Enumerate users using Microsoft Graph PowerShell
Get-MgUser -All

# Get user details
Get-MgUser -UserId "test@corp.onmicrosoft.com" | Format-List *

# Search "admin" users
Get-MgUser -All | Where-Object { $_.DisplayName -like "*test*" } | Select-Object DisplayName

# Search attributes containing the word "password"
Get-MgUser -All | Where-Object { $_.AdditionalProperties.PSObject.Properties.Name -contains "password" }

# All users from Entra ID
Get-MgUser -Filter "startswith(userPrincipalName, 't')" -All | Select-Object DisplayName, UserPrincipalName

# Get groups where the user is a member
Get-MgUserMemberOf -UserId <UserId>

# Get roles assigned to the user in Entra ID
Get-MgUserAppRoleAssignment -UserId <UserId>

# List available commands in Microsoft Graph PowerShell
Get-Command -Module Microsoft.Graph.Users

bash

# Enumerate Users
Get-AzureADUser -All $true
Get-AzureADUser -All $true | select UserPrincipalName
# Get info of 1 user
Get-AzureADUser -ObjectId test@corp.onmicrosoft.com | fl
# Search "admin" users
Get-AzureADUser -SearchString "admin" #Search admin at the begining of DisplayName or userPrincipalName
Get-AzureADUser -All $true |?{$_.Displayname -match "admin"} #Search "admin" word in DisplayName
# Get all attributes of a user
Get-AzureADUser -ObjectId test@defcorphq.onmicrosoft.com|%{$_.PSObject.Properties.Name}
# Search attributes containing the word "password"
Get-AzureADUser -All $true |%{$Properties = $_;$Properties.PSObject.Properties.Name | % {if ($Properties.$_ -match 'password') {"$($Properties.UserPrincipalName) - $_ - $($Properties.$_)"}}}
# All users from AzureAD# All users from AzureAD
Get-AzureADUser -All $true | ?{$_.OnPremisesSecurityIdentifier -eq $null}
# All users synced from on-prem
Get-AzureADUser -All $true | ?{$_.OnPremisesSecurityIdentifier -ne $null}
# Objects created by a/any user
Get-AzureADUser [-ObjectId <email>] | Get-AzureADUserCreatedObject
# Devices owned by a user
Get-AzureADUserOwnedDevice -ObjectId test@corp.onmicrosoft.com
# Objects owned by a specific user
Get-AzureADUserOwnedObject -ObjectId test@corp.onmicrosoft.com
# Get groups & roles where the user is a member
Get-AzureADUserMembership -ObjectId 'test@corp.onmicrosoft.com'
# Get devices owned by a user
Get-AzureADUserOwnedDevice -ObjectId test@corp.onmicrosoft.com
# Get devices registered by a user
Get-AzureADUserRegisteredDevice -ObjectId test@defcorphq.onmicrosoft.com
# Apps where a user has a role (role not shown)
Get-AzureADUser -ObjectId roygcain@defcorphq.onmicrosoft.com | Get-AzureADUserAppRoleAssignment | fl *
# Get Administrative Units of a user
$userObj = Get-AzureADUser -Filter "UserPrincipalName eq 'bill@example.com'"
Get-AzureADMSAdministrativeUnit | where { Get-AzureADMSAdministrativeUnitMember -Id $_.Id | where { $_.Id -eq $userObj.ObjectId } }

bash

# Enumerate users
Get-AzADUser
# Get details of a user
Get-AzADUser -UserPrincipalName test@defcorphq.onmicrosoft.com
# Search user by string
Get-AzADUser -SearchString "admin" #Search at the beginnig of DisplayName
Get-AzADUser | ?{$_.Displayname -match "admin"}
# Get roles assigned to a user
Get-AzRoleAssignment -SignInName test@corp.onmicrosoft.com

사용자 비밀번호 변경

bash

$password = "ThisIsTheNewPassword.!123" | ConvertTo- SecureString -AsPlainText –Force

(Get-AzureADUser -All $true | ?{$_.UserPrincipalName -eq "victim@corp.onmicrosoft.com"}).ObjectId | Set- AzureADUserPassword -Password $password –Verbose

MFA & Conditional Access Policies

모든 사용자에게 MFA를 추가하는 것이 강력히 권장되지만, 일부 회사는 이를 설정하지 않거나 특정 위치, 브라우저 또는 일부 조건에서 로그인할 경우에만 MFA를 요구하는 Conditional Access를 설정할 수 있습니다. 이러한 정책이 올바르게 구성되지 않으면 bypasses에 취약할 수 있습니다. 확인하세요:

Az - Conditional Access Policies & MFA Bypass

Groups

Entra ID 그룹에 대한 자세한 정보는 다음을 확인하세요:

Az - Basic Information

bash

# Enumerate groups
az ad group list
az ad group list --query "[].[displayName]" -o table
# Get info of 1 group
az ad group show --group <group>
# Get "admin" groups
az ad group list --query "[].displayName" | findstr /i "admin"
az ad group list --query "[?contains(displayName,'admin')].displayName"
# All groups from Entra ID
az ad group list --query "[].{osi:onPremisesSecurityIdentifier,displayName:displayName,description:description}[?osi==null]"
az ad group list --query "[?onPremisesSecurityIdentifier==null].displayName"
# All groups synced from on-prem
az ad group list --query "[].{osi:onPremisesSecurityIdentifier,displayName:displayName,description:description}[?osi!=null]"
az ad group list --query "[?onPremisesSecurityIdentifier!=null].displayName"
# Get members of group
az ad group member list --group <group> --query "[].userPrincipalName" -o table
# Check if member of group
az ad group member check --group "VM Admins" --member-id <id>
# Get which groups a group is member of
az ad group get-member-groups -g "VM Admins"
# Get roles assigned to the group in Azure (NOT in Entra ID)
az role assignment list --include-groups --include-classic-administrators true --assignee <group-id>

# To get Entra ID roles assigned check how it's done with users and use a group ID

bash

# Get all groups
Get-AzADGroup
# Get details of a group
Get-AzADGroup -ObjectId <id>
# Search group by string
Get-AzADGroup -SearchString "admin" | fl * #Search at the beginnig of DisplayName
Get-AzADGroup |?{$_.Displayname -match "admin"}
# Get members of group
Get-AzADGroupMember -GroupDisplayName <resource_group_name>
# Get roles of group
Get-AzRoleAssignment -ResourceGroupName <resource_group_name>

bash

# Enumerate groups using Microsoft Graph PowerShell
Get-MgGroup -All

# Get group details
Get-MgGroup -GroupId <GroupId> | Format-List *

# Search "admin" groups
Get-MgGroup -All | Where-Object { $_.DisplayName -like "*admin*" } | Select-Object DisplayName

# Get members of a group
Get-MgGroupMember -GroupId <GroupId> -All

# Get groups a group is member of
Get-MgGroupMemberOf -GroupId <GroupId>

# Get roles assigned to the group in Entra ID
Get-MgGroupAppRoleAssignment -GroupId <GroupId>

# Get group owner
Get-MgGroupOwner -GroupId <GroupId>

# List available commands in Microsoft Graph PowerShell
Get-Command -Module Microsoft.Graph.Groups

bash

# Enumerate Groups
Get-AzureADGroup -All $true
# Get info of 1 group
Get-AzADGroup -DisplayName <resource_group_name> | fl
# Get "admin" groups
Get-AzureADGroup -SearchString "admin" | fl #Groups starting by "admin"
Get-AzureADGroup -All $true |?{$_.Displayname -match "admin"} #Groups with the word "admin"
# Get groups allowing dynamic membership
Get-AzureADMSGroup | ?{$_.GroupTypes -eq 'DynamicMembership'}
# All groups that are from Azure AD
Get-AzureADGroup -All $true | ?{$_.OnPremisesSecurityIdentifier -eq $null}
# All groups that are synced from on-prem (note that security groups are not synced)
Get-AzureADGroup -All $true | ?{$_.OnPremisesSecurityIdentifier -ne $null}
# Get members of a group
Get-AzureADGroupMember -ObjectId <group_id>
# Get roles of group
Get-AzureADMSGroup -SearchString "Contoso_Helpdesk_Administrators" #Get group id
Get-AzureADMSRoleAssignment -Filter "principalId eq '69584002-b4d1-4055-9c94-320542efd653'"
# Get Administrative Units of a group
$groupObj = Get-AzureADGroup -Filter "displayname eq 'TestGroup'"
Get-AzureADMSAdministrativeUnit | where { Get-AzureADMSAdministrativeUnitMember -Id $_.Id | where {$_.Id -eq $groupObj.ObjectId} }
# Get Apps where a group has a role (role not shown)
Get-AzureADGroup -ObjectId <id> | Get-AzureADGroupAppRoleAssignment | fl *

그룹에 사용자 추가

그룹의 소유자는 그룹에 새로운 사용자를 추가할 수 있습니다.

bash

Add-AzureADGroupMember -ObjectId <group_id> -RefObjectId <user_id> -Verbose

warning

그룹은 동적일 수 있으며, 이는 기본적으로 사용자가 특정 조건을 충족하면 그룹에 추가된다는 의미입니다. 물론, 조건이 사용자가 제어할 수 있는 속성에 기반할 경우, 그는 이 기능을 악용하여 다른 그룹에 들어갈 수 있습니다.
동적 그룹을 악용하는 방법은 다음 페이지를 확인하세요:

Az - Dynamic Groups Privesc

서비스 주체

Entra ID 서비스 주체에 대한 자세한 정보는 다음을 확인하세요:

Az - Basic Information

bash

# Get Service Principals
az ad sp list --all
az ad sp list --all --query "[].[displayName,appId]" -o table
# Get details of one SP
az ad sp show --id 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000
# Search SP by string
az ad sp list --all --query "[?contains(displayName,'app')].displayName"
# Get owner of service principal
az ad sp owner list --id <id> --query "[].[displayName]" -o table
# Get service principals owned by the current user
az ad sp list --show-mine

# Get SPs with generated secret or certificate
az ad sp list --query '[?length(keyCredentials) > `0` || length(passwordCredentials) > `0`].[displayName, appId, keyCredentials, passwordCredentials]' -o json

bash

# Get SPs
Get-AzADServicePrincipal
# Get info of 1 SP
Get-AzADServicePrincipal -ObjectId <id>
# Search SP by string
Get-AzADServicePrincipal | ?{$_.DisplayName -match "app"}
# Get roles of a SP
Get-AzRoleAssignment -ServicePrincipalName <String>

bash

$Token = 'eyJ0eX..'
$URI = 'https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/applications'
$RequestParams = @{
Method  = 'GET'
Uri     = $URI
Headers = @{
'Authorization' = "Bearer $Token"
}
}
(Invoke-RestMethod @RequestParams).value

bash

# Get Service Principals using Microsoft Graph PowerShell
Get-MgServicePrincipal -All

# Get details of one Service Principal
Get-MgServicePrincipal -ServicePrincipalId <ServicePrincipalId> | Format-List *

# Search SP by display name
Get-MgServicePrincipal -All | Where-Object { $_.DisplayName -like "*app*" } | Select-Object DisplayName

# Get owner of Service Principal
Get-MgServicePrincipalOwner -ServicePrincipalId <ServicePrincipalId>

# Get objects owned by a Service Principal
Get-MgServicePrincipalOwnedObject -ServicePrincipalId <ServicePrincipalId>

# Get groups where the SP is a member
Get-MgServicePrincipalMemberOf -ServicePrincipalId <ServicePrincipalId>

# List available commands in Microsoft Graph PowerShell
Get-Command -Module Microsoft.Graph.ServicePrincipals

bash

# Get Service Principals
Get-AzureADServicePrincipal -All $true
# Get details about a SP
Get-AzureADServicePrincipal -ObjectId <id> | fl *
# Get SP by string name or Id
Get-AzureADServicePrincipal -All $true | ?{$_.DisplayName -match "app"} | fl
Get-AzureADServicePrincipal -All $true | ?{$_.AppId -match "103947652-1234-5834-103846517389"}
# Get owner of SP
Get-AzureADServicePrincipal -ObjectId <id> | Get-AzureADServicePrincipalOwner |fl *
# Get objects owned by a SP
Get-AzureADServicePrincipal -ObjectId <id> | Get-AzureADServicePrincipalOwnedObject
# Get objects created by a SP
Get-AzureADServicePrincipal -ObjectId <id> | Get-AzureADServicePrincipalCreatedObject
# Get groups where the SP is a member
Get-AzureADServicePrincipal | Get-AzureADServicePrincipalMembership
Get-AzureADServicePrincipal -ObjectId <id> | Get-AzureADServicePrincipalMembership |fl *

warning

서비스 주체의 소유자는 비밀번호를 변경할 수 있습니다.

각 엔터프라이즈 앱에 클라이언트 비밀을 나열하고 추가해 보세요

bash

# Just call Add-AzADAppSecret
Function Add-AzADAppSecret
{
<#
.SYNOPSIS
Add client secret to the applications.

.PARAMETER GraphToken
Pass the Graph API Token

.EXAMPLE
PS C:\> Add-AzADAppSecret -GraphToken 'eyJ0eX..'

.LINK
https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/graph/api/application-list?view=graph-rest-1.0&tabs=http
https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/graph/api/application-addpassword?view=graph-rest-1.0&tabs=http
#>

[CmdletBinding()]
param(
[Parameter(Mandatory=$True)]
[String]
$GraphToken = $null
)

$AppList = $null
$AppPassword = $null

# List All the Applications

$Params = @{
"URI"     = "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/applications"
"Method"  = "GET"
"Headers" = @{
"Content-Type"  = "application/json"
"Authorization" = "Bearer $GraphToken"
}
}

try
{
$AppList = Invoke-RestMethod @Params -UseBasicParsing
}
catch
{
}

# Add Password in the Application

if($AppList -ne $null)
{
[System.Collections.ArrayList]$Details = @()

foreach($App in $AppList.value)
{
$ID = $App.ID
$psobj = New-Object PSObject

$Params = @{
"URI"     = "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/applications/$ID/addPassword"
"Method"  = "POST"
"Headers" = @{
"Content-Type"  = "application/json"
"Authorization" = "Bearer $GraphToken"
}
}

$Body = @{
"passwordCredential"= @{
"displayName" = "Password"
}
}

try
{
$AppPassword = Invoke-RestMethod @Params -UseBasicParsing -Body ($Body | ConvertTo-Json)
Add-Member -InputObject $psobj -NotePropertyName "Object ID" -NotePropertyValue $ID
Add-Member -InputObject $psobj -NotePropertyName "App ID" -NotePropertyValue $App.appId
Add-Member -InputObject $psobj -NotePropertyName "App Name" -NotePropertyValue $App.displayName
Add-Member -InputObject $psobj -NotePropertyName "Key ID" -NotePropertyValue $AppPassword.keyId
Add-Member -InputObject $psobj -NotePropertyName "Secret" -NotePropertyValue $AppPassword.secretText
$Details.Add($psobj) | Out-Null
}
catch
{
Write-Output "Failed to add new client secret to '$($App.displayName)' Application."
}
}
if($Details -ne $null)
{
Write-Output ""
Write-Output "Client secret added to : "
Write-Output $Details | fl *
}
}
else
{
Write-Output "Failed to Enumerate the Applications."
}
}

애플리케이션

애플리케이션에 대한 자세한 정보는 다음을 확인하세요:

Az - Basic Information

앱이 생성될 때 2가지 유형의 권한이 부여됩니다:

서비스 주체에 부여된 권한
사용자를 대신하여 앱이 가질 수 있는 권한.

bash

# List Apps
az ad app list
az ad app list --query "[].[displayName,appId]" -o table
# Get info of 1 App
az ad app show --id 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000
# Search App by string
az ad app list --query "[?contains(displayName,'app')].displayName"
# Get the owner of an application
az ad app owner list --id <id> --query "[].[displayName]" -o table
# Get SPs owned by current user
az ad app list --show-mine
# Get apps with generated secret or certificate
az ad app list --query '[?length(keyCredentials) > `0` || length(passwordCredentials) > `0`].[displayName, appId, keyCredentials, passwordCredentials]' -o json
# Get Global Administrators (full access over apps)
az rest --method GET --url "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/directoryRoles/1b2256f9-46c1-4fc2-a125-5b2f51bb43b7/members"
# Get Application Administrators (full access over apps)
az rest --method GET --url "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/directoryRoles/1e92c3b7-2363-4826-93a6-7f7a5b53e7f9/members"
# Get Cloud Applications Administrators (full access over apps)
az rest --method GET --url "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/directoryRoles/0d601d27-7b9c-476f-8134-8e7cd6744f02/members"

bash

# Get Apps
Get-AzADApplication
# Get details of one App
Get-AzADApplication -ObjectId <id>
# Get App searching by string
Get-AzADApplication | ?{$_.DisplayName -match "app"}
# Get Apps with password
Get-AzADAppCredential

bash

# List Applications using Microsoft Graph PowerShell
Get-MgApplication -All

# Get application details
Get-MgApplication -ApplicationId 7861f72f-ad49-4f8c-96a9-19e6950cffe1 | Format-List *

# Search App by display name
Get-MgApplication -Filter "startswith(displayName, 'app')" | Select-Object DisplayName

# Get owner of an application
Get-MgApplicationOwner -ApplicationId <ApplicationId>

# List available commands in Microsoft Graph PowerShell
Get-Command -Module Microsoft.Graph.Applications

bash

# List all registered applications
Get-AzureADApplication -All $true
# Get details of an application
Get-AzureADApplication -ObjectId <id>  | fl *
# List all the apps with an application password
Get-AzureADApplication -All $true | %{if(Get-AzureADApplicationPasswordCredential -ObjectID $_.ObjectID){$_}}
# Get owner of an application
Get-AzureADApplication -ObjectId <id> | Get-AzureADApplicationOwner |fl *

warning

AppRoleAssignment.ReadWrite 권한을 가진 앱은 Global Admin으로 승격할 수 있습니다.
더 많은 정보는 여기 확인하세요.

note

애플리케이션이 토큰을 요청할 때 자신의 신원을 증명하는 데 사용하는 비밀 문자열은 애플리케이션 비밀번호입니다.
따라서 이 비밀번호를 찾으면 서비스 주체로 테넌트 내부에 접근할 수 있습니다.
이 비밀번호는 생성될 때만 볼 수 있습니다(변경할 수는 있지만 다시 얻을 수는 없습니다).
애플리케이션의 소유자는 이를 가짜로 사용할 수 있도록 비밀번호를 추가할 수 있습니다.
이러한 서비스 주체로의 로그인은 위험한 것으로 표시되지 않으며 MFA가 없습니다.

Microsoft에 속하는 일반적으로 사용되는 App ID 목록을 찾는 것은 가능합니다 https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/troubleshoot/entra/entra-id/governance/verify-first-party-apps-sign-in#application-ids-of-commonly-used-microsoft-applications

관리되는 ID

관리되는 ID에 대한 더 많은 정보는 다음을 확인하세요:

Az - Basic Information

bash

# List all manged identities
az identity list --output table
# With the principal ID you can continue the enumeration in service principals

Azure 역할

Azure 역할에 대한 자세한 정보는 다음을 확인하세요:

Az - Basic Information

bash

# Get roles
az role definition list
# Get all assigned roles
az role assignment list --all --query "[].roleDefinitionName"
az role assignment list --all | jq '.[] | .roleDefinitionName,.scope'
# Get info of 1 role
az role definition list --name "AzureML Registry User"
# Get only custom roles
az role definition list --custom-role-only
# Get only roles assigned to the resource group indicated
az role definition list --resource-group <resource_group>
# Get only roles assigned to the indicated scope
az role definition list --scope <scope>
# Get all the principals a role is assigned to
az role assignment list --all --query "[].{principalName:principalName,principalType:principalType,scope:scope,roleDefinitionName:roleDefinitionName}[?roleDefinitionName=='<ROLE_NAME>']"
# Get all the roles assigned to a user
az role assignment list --assignee "<email>" --all --output table
# Get all the roles assigned to a user by filtering
az role assignment list --all --query "[?principalName=='admin@organizationadmin.onmicrosoft.com']" --output table
# Get deny assignments
az rest --method GET --uri "https://management.azure.com/{scope}/providers/Microsoft.Authorization/denyAssignments?api-version=2022-04-01"
## Example scope of subscription
az rest --method GET --uri "https://management.azure.com/subscriptions/9291ff6e-6afb-430e-82a4-6f04b2d05c7f/providers/Microsoft.Authorization/denyAssignments?api-version=2022-04-01"

bash


# List all available role templates using Microsoft Graph PowerShell
Get-MgDirectoryRoleTemplate -All

# List enabled built-in Entra ID roles
Get-MgDirectoryRole -All

# List all Entra ID roles with their permissions (including custom roles)
Get-MgDirectoryRoleDefinition -All

# List members of a Entra ID role
Get-MgDirectoryRoleMember -DirectoryRoleId <RoleId> -All

# List available commands in Microsoft Graph PowerShell
Get-Command -Module Microsoft.Graph.Identity.DirectoryManagement

Entra ID 역할

Azure 역할에 대한 자세한 정보는 다음을 확인하세요:

Az - Basic Information

bash

# List template Entra ID roles
az rest --method GET \
--uri "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/directoryRoleTemplates"

# List enabled built-in Entra ID roles
az rest --method GET \
--uri "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/directoryRoles"

# List all Entra ID roles with their permissions (including custom roles)
az rest --method GET \
--uri "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/roleManagement/directory/roleDefinitions"

# List only custom Entra ID roles
az rest --method GET \
--uri "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/roleManagement/directory/roleDefinitions" | jq '.value[] | select(.isBuiltIn == false)'

# List all assigned Entra ID roles
az rest --method GET \
--uri "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/roleManagement/directory/roleAssignments"

# List members of a Entra ID roles
az rest --method GET \
--uri "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/directoryRoles/<role-id>/members"

# List Entra ID roles assigned to a user
az rest --method GET \
--uri "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/users/<user-id>/memberOf/microsoft.graph.directoryRole" \
--query "value[]" \
--output json

# List Entra ID roles assigned to a group
az rest --method GET \
--uri "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/groups/$GROUP_ID/memberOf/microsoft.graph.directoryRole" \
--query "value[]" \
--output json

# List Entra ID roles assigned to a service principal
az rest --method GET \
--uri "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/servicePrincipals/$SP_ID/memberOf/microsoft.graph.directoryRole" \
--query "value[]" \
--output json

bash

# Get all available role templates
Get-AzureADDirectoryroleTemplate
# Get enabled roles (Assigned roles)
Get-AzureADDirectoryRole
Get-AzureADDirectoryRole -ObjectId <roleID> #Get info about the role
# Get custom roles - use AzureAdPreview
Get-AzureADMSRoleDefinition | ?{$_.IsBuiltin -eq $False} | select DisplayName
# Users assigned a role (Global Administrator)
Get-AzureADDirectoryRole -Filter "DisplayName eq 'Global Administrator'" | Get-AzureADDirectoryRoleMember
Get-AzureADDirectoryRole -ObjectId <id> | fl
# Roles of the Administrative Unit (who has permissions over the administrative unit and its members)
Get-AzureADMSScopedRoleMembership -Id <id> | fl *

장치

bash

# If you know how to do this send a PR!

bash

# Enumerate devices using Microsoft Graph PowerShell
Get-MgDevice -All

# Get device details
Get-MgDevice -DeviceId <DeviceId> | Format-List *

# Get devices managed using Intune
Get-MgDevice -Filter "isCompliant eq true" -All

# Get devices owned by a user
Get-MgUserOwnedDevice -UserId test@corp.onmicrosoft.com

# List available commands in Microsoft Graph PowerShell
Get-Command -Module Microsoft.Graph.Identity.DirectoryManagement

bash

# Enumerate Devices
Get-AzureADDevice -All $true | fl *
# List all the active devices (and not the stale devices)
Get-AzureADDevice -All $true | ?{$_.ApproximateLastLogonTimeStamp -ne $null}
# Get owners of all devices
Get-AzureADDevice -All $true | Get-AzureADDeviceRegisteredOwner
Get-AzureADDevice -All $true | %{if($user=Get-AzureADDeviceRegisteredOwner -ObjectId $_.ObjectID){$_;$user.UserPrincipalName;"`n"}}
# Registred users of all the devices
Get-AzureADDevice -All $true | Get-AzureADDeviceRegisteredUser
Get-AzureADDevice -All $true | %{if($user=Get-AzureADDeviceRegisteredUser -ObjectId $_.ObjectID){$_;$user.UserPrincipalName;"`n"}}
# Get dives managed using Intune
Get-AzureADDevice -All $true | ?{$_.IsCompliant -eq "True"}
# Get devices owned by a user
Get-AzureADUserOwnedDevice -ObjectId test@corp.onmicrosoft.com
# Get Administrative Units of a device
Get-AzureADMSAdministrativeUnit | where { Get-AzureADMSAdministrativeUnitMember -ObjectId $_.ObjectId | where {$_.ObjectId -eq $deviceObjId} }

warning

만약 장치(VM)가 AzureAD에 가입되어 있다면, AzureAD의 사용자들이 로그인할 수 있습니다.
게다가, 로그인한 사용자가 장치의 소유자라면, 그는 로컬 관리자가 됩니다.

관리 단위

관리 단위에 대한 더 많은 정보는 다음을 확인하세요:

Az - Basic Information

bash

# List all administrative units
az rest --method GET --uri "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/directory/administrativeUnits"
# Get AU info
az rest --method GET --uri "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/directory/administrativeUnits/a76fd255-3e5e-405b-811b-da85c715ff53"
# Get members
az rest --method GET --uri "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/directory/administrativeUnits/a76fd255-3e5e-405b-811b-da85c715ff53/members"
# Get principals with roles over the AU
az rest --method GET --uri "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/directory/administrativeUnits/a76fd255-3e5e-405b-811b-da85c715ff53/scopedRoleMembers"

bash

# Get Administrative Units
Get-AzureADMSAdministrativeUnit
Get-AzureADMSAdministrativeUnit -Id <id>
# Get ID of admin unit by string
$adminUnitObj = Get-AzureADMSAdministrativeUnit -Filter "displayname eq 'Test administrative unit 2'"
# List the users, groups, and devices affected by the administrative unit
Get-AzureADMSAdministrativeUnitMember -Id <id>
# Get the roles users have over the members of the AU
Get-AzureADMSScopedRoleMembership -Id <id> | fl #Get role ID and role members

또한, PIM은 권한 있는 역할이 누군가에게 할당될 때마다 이메일을 보냅니다.

PIM이 활성화되면 각 역할에 대해 다음과 같은 특정 요구 사항을 구성할 수 있습니다:

활성화 최대 기간(시간)
활성화 시 MFA 요구
조건부 액세스 인증 컨텍스트 요구
활성화 시 정당화 요구
활성화 시 티켓 정보 요구
활성화 승인 요구
자격 부여의 만료 최대 시간
특정 작업이 해당 역할과 관련하여 발생할 때 알림을 보낼 사람과 시기를 구성하는 많은 추가 설정

조건부 액세스 정책

확인:

Az - Conditional Access Policies & MFA Bypass

Entra ID 보호

Entra ID 보호는 사용자 또는 로그인 시도가 너무 위험할 때 이를 감지하여 사용자를 차단하거나 로그인 시도를 차단할 수 있는 보안 서비스입니다.

관리자가 "낮음 이상", "중간 이상" 또는 "높음"일 때 시도를 차단하도록 구성할 수 있습니다. 그러나 기본적으로 완전히 비활성화되어 있습니다:

tip

현재 이러한 제한을 조건부 액세스 정책을 통해 추가하는 것이 권장되며, 동일한 옵션을 구성할 수 있습니다.

Entra 비밀번호 보호

Entra 비밀번호 보호 (https://portal.azure.com/index.html#view/Microsoft_AAD_ConditionalAccess/PasswordProtectionBlade)는 여러 번의 로그인 시도가 실패할 때 계정을 잠금으로써 약한 비밀번호의 남용을 방지하는 보안 기능입니다.
또한 제공해야 하는 사용자 정의 비밀번호 목록을 금지할 수 있습니다.

이는 클라우드 수준과 온프레미스 Active Directory 모두에 적용될 수 있습니다.

기본 모드는 감사입니다:

참고 문헌

https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/roles/administrative-units

tip

HackTricks 지원하기

구독 계획 확인하기!
**💬 Discord 그룹 또는 텔레그램 그룹에 참여하거나 Twitter 🐦 @hacktricks_live를 팔로우하세요.
HackTricks 및 HackTricks Cloud 깃허브 리포지토리에 PR을 제출하여 해킹 트릭을 공유하세요.

HackTricks Cloud

Az - Entra ID (AzureAD) & Azure IAM

기본 정보

열거

연결

테넌트

사용자

사용자 비밀번호 변경

MFA & Conditional Access Policies

Groups

그룹에 사용자 추가

서비스 주체

애플리케이션

관리되는 ID

Azure 역할

Entra ID 역할

장치

관리 단위

Entra ID 권한 상승

Azure 권한 상승

방어 메커니즘

권한 있는 ID 관리 (PIM)

조건부 액세스 정책

Entra ID 보호

Entra 비밀번호 보호

참고 문헌