Az - Unauthenticated Enum & Initial Entry

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Azure Tenant

Tenant Enumeration

Kuna APIs za umma za Azure ambazo kwa kujua tu domeni ya mpangaji mshambuliaji anaweza kuuliza ili kupata maelezo zaidi kuhusu hiyo.
Unaweza kuuliza moja kwa moja API au kutumia maktaba ya PowerShell AADInternals (Install-Module AADInternals):

• Taarifa za kuingia ikiwa ni pamoja na ID ya mpangaji
• Get-AADIntTenantID -Domain <domain> (API kuu login.microsoftonline.com/<domain>/.well-known/openid-configuration)
• Domeni zote halali katika mpangaji
• Get-AADIntTenantDomains -Domain <domain> (API kuu autodiscover-s.outlook.com/autodiscover/autodiscover.svc)
• Taarifa za kuingia za mtumiaji. Ikiwa NameSpaceType ni Managed, inamaanisha EntraID inatumika
• Get-AADIntLoginInformation -UserName <UserName> (API kuu login.microsoftonline.com/GetUserRealm.srf?login=<UserName>)

Unaweza kuuliza maelezo yote ya mpangaji wa Azure kwa amri moja tu kutoka AADInternals:

# Doesn't work in macos because 'Resolve-DnsName' doesn't exist
Invoke-AADIntReconAsOutsider -DomainName corp.onmicrosoft.com | Format-Table

## Output Example of the Azure tenant info:

Tenant brand:       Company Ltd
Tenant name:        company
Tenant id:          1937e3ab-38de-a735-a830-3075ea7e5b39
DesktopSSO enabled: True

Name                           DNS   MX    SPF  Type      STS
----                           ---   --    ---  ----      ---
company.com                   True  True  True  Federated sts.company.com
company.mail.onmicrosoft.com  True  True  True  Managed
company.onmicrosoft.com       True  True  True  Managed
int.company.com              False False False  Managed

Moja ya kuangalia maelezo kuhusu jina la mpangaji, ID, na jina la "brand". Aidha, hali ya Desktop Single Sign-On (SSO), inayojulikana pia kama Seamless SSO, inaonyeshwa. Wakati imewezeshwa, kipengele hiki kinasaidia kubaini uwepo (kuhesabu) wa mtumiaji maalum ndani ya shirika lengwa.

Zaidi ya hayo, matokeo yanaonyesha majina ya maeneo yote yaliyoidhinishwa yanayohusiana na mpangaji lengwa, pamoja na aina zao za utambulisho. Katika kesi ya maeneo ya shirikisho, Jina Kamili la Kikoa (FQDN) la mtoa huduma wa utambulisho unaotumika, kwa kawaida ni seva ya ADFS, pia inafichuliwa. Safu ya "MX" inaeleza ikiwa barua pepe zinaelekezwa kwa Exchange Online, wakati safu ya "SPF" inaashiria orodha ya Exchange Online kama mtumaji wa barua pepe. Ni muhimu kutambua kwamba kazi ya sasa ya upelelezi haiwezi kuchambua taarifa za "include" ndani ya rekodi za SPF, ambayo inaweza kusababisha matokeo yasiyo sahihi.

Uhesabuji wa Watumiaji

Inawezekana kuangalia ikiwa jina la mtumiaji lipo ndani ya mpangaji. Hii pia inajumuisha watumiaji wageni, ambao jina lao la mtumiaji liko katika muundo:

<email>#EXT#@<tenant name>.onmicrosoft.com

Barua pepe ni anwani ya barua pepe ya mtumiaji ambapo “@” imebadilishwa na underscore “_“.

Kwa AADInternals, unaweza kwa urahisi kuangalia kama mtumiaji yupo au la:

# Check does the user exist
Invoke-AADIntUserEnumerationAsOutsider -UserName "user@company.com"

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UserName         Exists
--------         ------
user@company.com True

Unaweza pia kutumia faili la maandiko lenye anwani moja ya barua pepe kwa kila safu:

user@company.com
user2@company.com
admin@company.com
admin2@company.com
external.user_gmail.com#EXT#@company.onmicrosoft.com
external.user_outlook.com#EXT#@company.onmicrosoft.com

# Invoke user enumeration
Get-Content .\users.txt | Invoke-AADIntUserEnumerationAsOutsider -Method Normal

Kwa sasa kuna mbinu 4 tofauti za kuhesabu za kuchagua. Unaweza kupata taarifa katika Get-Help Invoke-AADIntUserEnumerationAsOutsider:

Inasaidia mbinu zifuatazo za kuhesabu: Normal, Login, Autologon, na RST2.

• Mbinu ya Normal inaonekana inafanya kazi kwa wapangaji wote kwa sasa. Awali ilihitaji Desktop SSO (yaani Seamless SSO) iwe imewezeshwa kwa angalau kikoa kimoja.

• Mbinu ya Login inafanya kazi na mpangaji yeyote, lakini maswali ya kuhesabu yataandikwa kwenye kumbukumbu ya kuingia ya Azure AD kama matukio ya kuingia yaliyoshindwa!

• Mbinu ya Autologon haionekani kufanya kazi na wapangaji wote tena. Huenda inahitaji kwamba DesktopSSO au usawazishaji wa directory uwe umewezeshwa.

Baada ya kugundua majina halali ya watumiaji unaweza kupata taarifa kuhusu mtumiaji kwa:

Get-AADIntLoginInformation -UserName root@corp.onmicrosoft.com

Scripti o365spray pia inakuwezesha kugundua kama barua pepe ni halali.

git clone https://github.com/0xZDH/o365spray
cd o365spray
python3 -m pip install -r requirements.txt

# Check 1 email
python3 ./o365spray.py --enum -d carloshacktricks.onmicrosoft.com -u carlos
# Check a list of emails
python3 ./o365spray.py --enum -d carloshacktricks.onmicrosoft.com -U /tmp/users.txt

User Enumeration via Microsoft Teams

Chanzo kingine kizuri cha habari ni Microsoft Teams.

API ya Microsoft Teams inaruhusu kutafuta watumiaji. Kwa hasa, viwango vya "user search" externalsearchv3 na searchUsers vinaweza kutumika kuomba habari za jumla kuhusu akaunti za watumiaji waliojiandikisha kwenye Teams.

Kulingana na majibu ya API, inawezekana kutofautisha kati ya watumiaji wasio na kuwepo na watumiaji waliopo ambao wana usajili halali wa Teams.

Script TeamsEnum inaweza kutumika kuthibitisha seti fulani ya majina ya watumiaji dhidi ya API ya Teams lakini unahitaji ufikiaji wa mtumiaji mwenye ufikiaji wa Teams ili kuitumia.

# Install
git clone https://github.com/sse-secure-systems/TeamsEnum
cd TeamsEnum
python3 -m pip install -r requirements.txt

# Login and ask for password
python3 ./TeamsEnum.py -a password -u <username> -f inputlist.txt -o teamsenum-output.json

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[-] user1@domain - Target user not found. Either the user does not exist, is not Teams-enrolled or is configured to not appear in search results (personal accounts only)
[+] user2@domain - User2 | Company (Away, Mobile)
[+] user3@domain - User3 | Company (Available, Desktop)

Zaidi ya hayo, inawezekana kuhesabu taarifa za upatikanaji kuhusu watumiaji waliopo kama ifuatavyo:

• Inapatikana
• Mbali
• Usihusishe
• Kazi
• Hali ya mtandaoni

Ikiwa ujumbe wa nje ya ofisi umewekwa, pia inawezekana kupata ujumbe huo kwa kutumia TeamsEnum. Ikiwa faili ya matokeo ilitolewa, ujumbe wa nje ya ofisi huhifadhiwa moja kwa moja ndani ya faili ya JSON:

jq . teamsenum-output.json

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{
"email": "user2@domain",
"exists": true,
"info": [
{
"tenantId": "[REDACTED]",
"isShortProfile": false,
"accountEnabled": true,
"featureSettings": {
"coExistenceMode": "TeamsOnly"
},
"userPrincipalName": "user2@domain",
"givenName": "user2@domain",
"surname": "",
"email": "user2@domain",
"tenantName": "Company",
"displayName": "User2",
"type": "Federated",
"mri": "8:orgid:[REDACTED]",
"objectId": "[REDACTED]"
}
],
"presence": [
{
"mri": "8:orgid:[REDACTED]",
"presence": {
"sourceNetwork": "Federated",
"calendarData": {
"outOfOfficeNote": {
"message": "Dear sender. I am out of the office until March 23rd with limited access to my email. I will respond after my return.Kind regards, User2",
"publishTime": "2023-03-15T21:44:42.0649385Z",
"expiry": "2023-04-05T14:00:00Z"
},
"isOutOfOffice": true
},
"capabilities": ["Audio", "Video"],
"availability": "Away",
"activity": "Away",
"deviceType": "Mobile"
},
"etagMatch": false,
"etag": "[REDACTED]",
"status": 20000
}
]
}

Password Spraying / Brute-Force

Az - Password Spraying

Azure Services using domains

Pia inawezekana kujaribu kupata huduma za Azure zilizofichuliwa katika subdomains za kawaida za azure kama zile zilizoandikwa katika post:

• App Services: azurewebsites.net
• App Services – Management: scm.azurewebsites.net
• App Services: p.azurewebsites.net
• App Services: cloudapp.net
• Storage Accounts-Files: file.core.windows.net
• Storage Accounts-Blobs: blob.core.windows.net
• Storage Accounts-Queues: queue.core.windows.net
• Storage Accounts-Tables: table.core.windows.net
• Databases-Redis: redis.cache.windows.net
• Databases-Cosmos DB: documents.azure.com
• Databases-MSSQL: database.windows.net
• Key Vaults: vault.azure.net
• Microsoft Hosted Domain: onmicrosoft.com
• Email: mail.protection.outlook.com
• SharePoint: sharepoint.com
• CDN: azureedge.net
• Search Appliance: search.windows.net
• API Services: azure-api.net

Unaweza kutumia mbinu kutoka MicroBust kwa lengo hilo. Kazi hii itatafuta jina la kikoa cha msingi (na permutations chache) katika kikoa kadhaa za azure:

Import-Module .\MicroBurst\MicroBurst.psm1 -Verbose
Invoke-EnumerateAzureSubDomains -Base corp -Verbose

Phishing

• Phishing ya Kawaida kwa ajili ya akauti au kupitia OAuth Apps
• Phishing ya Uthibitishaji wa Kifaa

Filesystem Credentials

az cli inahifadhi taarifa nyingi za kuvutia ndani ya <HOME>/.Azure:

• azureProfile.json ina taarifa kuhusu watumiaji walioingia kutoka zamani
• clouds.config ina taarifa kuhusu usajili
• service_principal_entries.json ina maombi credentials (tenant id, clients na siri)
• msal_token_cache.json ina access tokens na refresh tokens

Kumbuka kwamba katika macOS na linux faili hizi hazina ulinzi na zimehifadhiwa kwa maandiko wazi.

References

• https://aadinternals.com/post/just-looking/
• https://www.securesystems.de/blog/a-fresh-look-at-user-enumeration-in-microsoft-teams/
• https://www.netspi.com/blog/technical-blog/cloud-penetration-testing/enumerating-azure-services/